Truth in Sentencing Free Essays

Truth-in-sentencing debate Learning Team B CJA/204 November 26, 2012 Deana Bohenek Truth-In-Sentencing Debate Opening Argument Truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The federal truth-in-sentencing law guarantees that certain violent offenders will serve at least 85% of their sentence  (Schmalleger, 2012). However, if the offender acts accordingly in prison, he or she can attain parole for good behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth in Sentencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now What about the victims? Victims do not want to hear this. If an offender is sentenced for 30 years, the victim wants justice and wants to see the full 30 years served. They do not want to see the offender getting released after 25 years. The truth-in-sentencing laws are the judges’ guideline when choosing the sentence of the offender. The law is a structured guideline for sentencing the offenders. However, the judge can deviate from the guidelines if there are mitigating and aggravating circumstances. Look at plea bargaining,  this is still a possibility even though there are truth-in-sentencing laws in place. The offender knows that if they get caught, they can plea bargain for a lesser sentence and be back out on the streets sooner. Let me say it again, truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The offenders know they will get out of prison soon through a plea bargain or parole. They know they can avoid serving the full sentence that the judge imposed on him or her. The only way to deter crime and reduce recidivism is to abolish the possibility of parole and ensure that the sentence the judge renders is carried out to full-term. Obviously, to take away the option for parole would mean that the prison populations would increase. Well, we should take the funds left over from overhead to run the parole division and build more prisons to house these offenders. The longer we keep them off the streets, the safer society will be. Rebuttal Argument Each state has to look at the amount of money being spent to house each inmate they have in custody. Because the Truth-In Sentencing Law wants to keep the offender behind bars until they complete their entire sentence/term in prison no matter what the costs are to the public. Meaning, everyone’s hard earned income  (taxes) are used to keep them in their present place of occupancy. This law depletes the services we receive from our state revenues. We don’t have much say in the budget spending but we do see the increase in taxes used for each state program. I have to disagree with the statement made â€Å"The offenders know they will get out of prison sooner through a plea bargain or parole. †Ã‚   Not all offenders before or during their trial will know the outcome of sentencing. Many do not have the option for plea bargaining because plea bargaining depends on the severity of the crime committed. Instead, if the case went directly to trial, (this includes judge and jury) the accused might have a chance of plea bargaining. No plea bargaining makes the offender eligible for a parole based on his or her behavior during incarceration and no plea bargaining being offered. But if society had no parole system, then the correctional system will have to face overcrowding in the institutions. The lack of Rehabilitation for said prisoner would be non-effective because there would be no programs such as work-time credit or good-time credit, which is the main reason why early release would benefit them. With those programs the time served by offenders would be less and would allow the offenders to enter back into society. The fear of re-entry of said offenders are the defense for keeping them locked up. These programs should be used for offenders that have this as a first offense on their record and have shown they can be productive in today’s society. Not all inmates are repeat offenders some are just non-violent offenses but carry a great penalty. When I was younger it was a big deal to go to jail because it showed most people that they were a â€Å"badass†, a badge of honor, and should be feared. In my eyes it was a waste of mind, body, and productive individual. Those same individuals found when they came out ithout a trade they were worthless and the only way to survive was crime and more time in jail. In Illinois, Governor Pat Quinn on October 2, 2012 has reinstated the program for â€Å"Good-time† releases,  a way to bring down the overcrowding in his state and federal prison system. Opening Argument Truth-in-Sentencing laws deter crime because they ensure that offenders are in prison for at least 85% of their sentence. Therefore, the convicted offenders stay in prison for longer periods and not able to commit additional crimes and endanger the member of society. TIS laws are the assurance of longer prison terms as punishment and serve as an effective deterrent from criminal actions to the serving offender and others who may be considering criminal acts. The laws provide the ability for the criminal justice system to operate more effectively by lowering violent crimes as well punishing violent criminals. According  to the publication from  University  of Alabama at Birmingham (2005) citing data from Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the decade following the passage and implementation of the truth-in-sentencing laws in 1994, the arrests for violent crimes were reduced by 16% by the year of 2005. The TIS laws also limit some of the discretion of the judges and parole boards with regard to release of the offenders prematurely and being â€Å"too soft† on crime, thus eliminating the many possibilities for the offenders getting away without receiving the well-deserved punishment. The Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report from January 1999 indicates that prior to the TIS laws violent offenders barely served half the length of their sentences. What kind of message did that send to the convicted or potential criminals? With the availability of TIS laws, criminal justice administrators can build public confidence by ensuring that the just punishment is served to anyone breaking the law. In the article written by Joanna Shepherd published in the Journal of Law and Economics, she makes this statement: â€Å"Using a country-level data set, empirical results confirm that TIS laws deter violent offenders, increase the probability of arrest, and increase maximum imposed prison sentences. TIS laws decrease murders by 16%, aggravated assaults by 12%, robberies by 24%, rapes by 12%, and larcenies by 3%† (Shepherd,  2002,  p. 09). Today, more states are implementing the TIS laws and abolishing parole and indeterminate sentencing, demonstrating that the state legislature believes in this uniform application of justice processes and effectiveness of these laws in crime prevention. This information clearly shows that TIS laws are very effective in deterring crime by ensuring the stern and just punishm ent for offenders and sending the clear message to potential criminals that criminal behavior will be punished by lengthy imprisonment. Rebuttal Argument What about crime being committed in prisons around the world? Are we just going to ignore that fact because victimization is still happening across the boards of federal and state prisons? According to  a writer of The  New Yorker, Adam Gopnik, darkly described America prisons as â€Å"the moral scandal of America life. Prison rape is so endemic- more than seventy thousand prisoners are raped each year. † That is routinely held out as a threat, part of punishment to be expected. † (Gopnik, 2012). The National inmate survey reported that â€Å"An estimated 4. 4% of prison inmates and 3. % of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of victimization by another inmate or facility staff since admission to the facility  (Beck Harrison, 2010). The total federal and state population in 2010 was 1,605,127, while the total jail population in 2009 was 767,620. This implies that there were over 94,000 victims subject to multiple violations (Beck Harrison, 2 010). No I don’t agree with the fact that offenders being incapacitated for longer periods of time don’t commit another crime. For people who want to do so, they will commit crimes anyway, and largely at that. Especially, the incentive behind good time credit is to have offenders behave in prison. If you lock them up in less than ideal conditions with no incentive to behave appropriately while incarcerated, they will be a population difficulty to control because they have nothing to lose. Earning good time credit gives them an insight to behave well inside. As for truth-in sentencing laws, I don’t know if I  would actually say it is a deterrent or at least how much of a deterrent it  is, but I think it is  important nonetheless. Prior to 2003, legislation allowed for automatic emission of every sentence imposed to be reduced by one third (Chong, 2008). If the offender was made eligible for parole, a portion of that sentence is served under supervision in the community to enable their reintegration  into the community when released (Chong, 2008). Legislation introduced in 2003 abolished the automatic remission provision, so the sentence  imposed would more truly reflect the time to be served. In its place, legislation required courts to adjust the sentence actually imposed by one third, to reflect the abolition of automatic remission (Chong, 2008). What the government has done is  replace  automatic remission with reduction of sentence (Chong, 2008). The more things change, the more they remain the same. Sentences are more or less duration  for the same type of offenses (Chong, 2008). Some say the money being used for these criminals sitting in  jail should be more valuable of utilizing for work  time credits and more programs  for educational, substance abuse, psychiatric help programs for these offenders before being released out into the world again. I think it will better prepare themselves rather than not knowing what to do and all they are use to is the  jail’s way of life in which they will end up back  in having that kind of mind set. References Beck, A. J. , Harrison, P. M. (2010, August). Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008-09. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Retrieved from http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/press/svpjri0809pr. cfm Chong, P. (2008, June 19). The Truth about ‘Truth in Sentencing’. WAtoday. Retrieved from http://blogs. watoday. com. u/theverdict/2008/06/the_truth_about. html Ditton, P. M. , Wilson, D. J. (1999, January). Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report,  (NCJ 170032). Retrieved  from  http://bjsdata. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/tssp. pdf Gopnik, A. (2012, January 30). The Caging of America. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/01/30/12030crat_ atlarge_gopnik Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 11th ed. Upper Saddle River: NJ. Shepherd, J. M. (2002, How to cite Truth in Sentencing, Essay examples

Truth in Sentencing Free Essays

Truth-in-sentencing debate Learning Team B CJA/204 November 26, 2012 Deana Bohenek Truth-In-Sentencing Debate Opening Argument Truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The federal truth-in-sentencing law guarantees that certain violent offenders will serve at least 85% of their sentence  (Schmalleger, 2012). However, if the offender acts accordingly in prison, he or she can attain parole for good behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth in Sentencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now What about the victims? Victims do not want to hear this. If an offender is sentenced for 30 years, the victim wants justice and wants to see the full 30 years served. They do not want to see the offender getting released after 25 years. The truth-in-sentencing laws are the judges’ guideline when choosing the sentence of the offender. The law is a structured guideline for sentencing the offenders. However, the judge can deviate from the guidelines if there are mitigating and aggravating circumstances. Look at plea bargaining,  this is still a possibility even though there are truth-in-sentencing laws in place. The offender knows that if they get caught, they can plea bargain for a lesser sentence and be back out on the streets sooner. Let me say it again, truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The offenders know they will get out of prison soon through a plea bargain or parole. They know they can avoid serving the full sentence that the judge imposed on him or her. The only way to deter crime and reduce recidivism is to abolish the possibility of parole and ensure that the sentence the judge renders is carried out to full-term. Obviously, to take away the option for parole would mean that the prison populations would increase. Well, we should take the funds left over from overhead to run the parole division and build more prisons to house these offenders. The longer we keep them off the streets, the safer society will be. Rebuttal Argument Each state has to look at the amount of money being spent to house each inmate they have in custody. Because the Truth-In Sentencing Law wants to keep the offender behind bars until they complete their entire sentence/term in prison no matter what the costs are to the public. Meaning, everyone’s hard earned income  (taxes) are used to keep them in their present place of occupancy. This law depletes the services we receive from our state revenues. We don’t have much say in the budget spending but we do see the increase in taxes used for each state program. I have to disagree with the statement made â€Å"The offenders know they will get out of prison sooner through a plea bargain or parole. †Ã‚   Not all offenders before or during their trial will know the outcome of sentencing. Many do not have the option for plea bargaining because plea bargaining depends on the severity of the crime committed. Instead, if the case went directly to trial, (this includes judge and jury) the accused might have a chance of plea bargaining. No plea bargaining makes the offender eligible for a parole based on his or her behavior during incarceration and no plea bargaining being offered. But if society had no parole system, then the correctional system will have to face overcrowding in the institutions. The lack of Rehabilitation for said prisoner would be non-effective because there would be no programs such as work-time credit or good-time credit, which is the main reason why early release would benefit them. With those programs the time served by offenders would be less and would allow the offenders to enter back into society. The fear of re-entry of said offenders are the defense for keeping them locked up. These programs should be used for offenders that have this as a first offense on their record and have shown they can be productive in today’s society. Not all inmates are repeat offenders some are just non-violent offenses but carry a great penalty. When I was younger it was a big deal to go to jail because it showed most people that they were a â€Å"badass†, a badge of honor, and should be feared. In my eyes it was a waste of mind, body, and productive individual. Those same individuals found when they came out ithout a trade they were worthless and the only way to survive was crime and more time in jail. In Illinois, Governor Pat Quinn on October 2, 2012 has reinstated the program for â€Å"Good-time† releases,  a way to bring down the overcrowding in his state and federal prison system. Opening Argument Truth-in-Sentencing laws deter crime because they ensure that offenders are in prison for at least 85% of their sentence. Therefore, the convicted offenders stay in prison for longer periods and not able to commit additional crimes and endanger the member of society. TIS laws are the assurance of longer prison terms as punishment and serve as an effective deterrent from criminal actions to the serving offender and others who may be considering criminal acts. The laws provide the ability for the criminal justice system to operate more effectively by lowering violent crimes as well punishing violent criminals. According  to the publication from  University  of Alabama at Birmingham (2005) citing data from Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the decade following the passage and implementation of the truth-in-sentencing laws in 1994, the arrests for violent crimes were reduced by 16% by the year of 2005. The TIS laws also limit some of the discretion of the judges and parole boards with regard to release of the offenders prematurely and being â€Å"too soft† on crime, thus eliminating the many possibilities for the offenders getting away without receiving the well-deserved punishment. The Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report from January 1999 indicates that prior to the TIS laws violent offenders barely served half the length of their sentences. What kind of message did that send to the convicted or potential criminals? With the availability of TIS laws, criminal justice administrators can build public confidence by ensuring that the just punishment is served to anyone breaking the law. In the article written by Joanna Shepherd published in the Journal of Law and Economics, she makes this statement: â€Å"Using a country-level data set, empirical results confirm that TIS laws deter violent offenders, increase the probability of arrest, and increase maximum imposed prison sentences. TIS laws decrease murders by 16%, aggravated assaults by 12%, robberies by 24%, rapes by 12%, and larcenies by 3%† (Shepherd,  2002,  p. 09). Today, more states are implementing the TIS laws and abolishing parole and indeterminate sentencing, demonstrating that the state legislature believes in this uniform application of justice processes and effectiveness of these laws in crime prevention. This information clearly shows that TIS laws are very effective in deterring crime by ensuring the stern and just punishm ent for offenders and sending the clear message to potential criminals that criminal behavior will be punished by lengthy imprisonment. Rebuttal Argument What about crime being committed in prisons around the world? Are we just going to ignore that fact because victimization is still happening across the boards of federal and state prisons? According to  a writer of The  New Yorker, Adam Gopnik, darkly described America prisons as â€Å"the moral scandal of America life. Prison rape is so endemic- more than seventy thousand prisoners are raped each year. † That is routinely held out as a threat, part of punishment to be expected. † (Gopnik, 2012). The National inmate survey reported that â€Å"An estimated 4. 4% of prison inmates and 3. % of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of victimization by another inmate or facility staff since admission to the facility  (Beck Harrison, 2010). The total federal and state population in 2010 was 1,605,127, while the total jail population in 2009 was 767,620. This implies that there were over 94,000 victims subject to multiple violations (Beck Harrison, 2 010). No I don’t agree with the fact that offenders being incapacitated for longer periods of time don’t commit another crime. For people who want to do so, they will commit crimes anyway, and largely at that. Especially, the incentive behind good time credit is to have offenders behave in prison. If you lock them up in less than ideal conditions with no incentive to behave appropriately while incarcerated, they will be a population difficulty to control because they have nothing to lose. Earning good time credit gives them an insight to behave well inside. As for truth-in sentencing laws, I don’t know if I  would actually say it is a deterrent or at least how much of a deterrent it  is, but I think it is  important nonetheless. Prior to 2003, legislation allowed for automatic emission of every sentence imposed to be reduced by one third (Chong, 2008). If the offender was made eligible for parole, a portion of that sentence is served under supervision in the community to enable their reintegration  into the community when released (Chong, 2008). Legislation introduced in 2003 abolished the automatic remission provision, so the sentence  imposed would more truly reflect the time to be served. In its place, legislation required courts to adjust the sentence actually imposed by one third, to reflect the abolition of automatic remission (Chong, 2008). What the government has done is  replace  automatic remission with reduction of sentence (Chong, 2008). The more things change, the more they remain the same. Sentences are more or less duration  for the same type of offenses (Chong, 2008). Some say the money being used for these criminals sitting in  jail should be more valuable of utilizing for work  time credits and more programs  for educational, substance abuse, psychiatric help programs for these offenders before being released out into the world again. I think it will better prepare themselves rather than not knowing what to do and all they are use to is the  jail’s way of life in which they will end up back  in having that kind of mind set. References Beck, A. J. , Harrison, P. M. (2010, August). Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008-09. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Retrieved from http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/press/svpjri0809pr. cfm Chong, P. (2008, June 19). The Truth about ‘Truth in Sentencing’. WAtoday. Retrieved from http://blogs. watoday. com. u/theverdict/2008/06/the_truth_about. html Ditton, P. M. , Wilson, D. J. (1999, January). Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report,  (NCJ 170032). Retrieved  from  http://bjsdata. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/tssp. pdf Gopnik, A. (2012, January 30). The Caging of America. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/01/30/12030crat_ atlarge_gopnik Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 11th ed. Upper Saddle River: NJ. Shepherd, J. M. (2002, How to cite Truth in Sentencing, Essay examples

Wwii (1981 words) Essay Example For Students

Wwii (1981 words) Essay WwiiPursuant to the agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. Under the terms of this agreement, China has promised that under its one country, two systems formula its socialist economic system will not be practiced in Hong Kong, and that Hong Kong shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs. Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China The Hong Kong Region Lies on the Eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary, facing Macau across the river, bordering on the South China Sea and bounded by 3 Special Economic Zone on the north. Its railway distance is 140 Kilometers to the city center of Guangzhou in GuangDong Province. (Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Macau will ultimately form a very vital triangle in the Pearl River Delta making this region one of the strongest is the world economically.) The area of Hong Kong today consis ts of three parts:1) Hong Kong Island (79 square kilometers) which was ceded to Britain by the Nanjing Treaty as the result of the First Opium War in 1842. We will write a custom essay on Wwii (1981 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2)The Kowloon Peninsula (10 square kilometers) with its border on the north called The Boundary Street, which was ceded to Britain by the Convention of Beijing as the result of the Second Opium War in 1860. 3) The New Territory covers an area of nearly 1,000 square kilometers between the Boundary Street on the South the Shenzhen River to the North, making up about 91% of the total area of Hong Kong today. It was leased to Britain according to a. special treaty (The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong of 1898.) for 99 years so that this year 1997 is the end of the treaty. The following is the historic background of the event, which added more humiliation to the Chinese nation. Near the end of the 19th century, the western powers and Japan scrambled for their spheres of influence in China one after another. Russia leased the Port of Dalian in the Northeast, Germany leased Qingdao City and some other places in Shangdong Province, while France leased the then Guangzhou Wan (Now Zhenjiang City) in the west part of Guangdong Province. Under such circumstances, The British did not lag behind, so just two and a half years after Japan occupied Taiwan as the result of the defeat of Qing Em pire in the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. The British lost no time in seizing a large piece of land and a large number of islands around Hong Kong which made up what Hong Kong is today. At a discussion in the Parliament on whether to take this voracious imperialistic action or not, a minister warned, if we miss this chance to de so, it will be too late. Because China will become strong in half a century, what he predicted at the end of last century became true exactly half a century after that. In 1949, the Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.) was founded. The Geographical Situation of Hong Kong and Its Position as an International Financial and Trading Center TodayFacing the South China Sea and the vast Pacific Ocean areas, Hong Kong is at the mid-way between Beijing and Indonesia, also the midway point between Tokyo of Japan and the central part of India. It serves as the gateway to South China from Europe, Australia, America and Japan, having a very convenient connection with the hint erland of the Central, South and Southwest China through the City of Guangzhou. Functioning as a hub of communications in the Pacific-Asian areas, linking Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, and also as a port of transshipments between America and South East Asia. Hong Kong is economically a bridge connecting a large part of inner China to the world. .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .postImageUrl , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:hover , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:visited , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:active { border:0!important; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:active , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The American sheep EssayHong Kong also is at the center of the world time Zone, forming a 24-hour financial market together with New York to the east and London to the west. When Hong Kong sees the sunrise, its midnight in London so when the Hong Kong bankers get up in the morning they can see the closing quotation of stock exchange of London. When the Hong Kong financial organizations finish in the afternoon, the London market is going on powerfully. Hong Kong can adjust their counter measures according to the change of market quotations of London. When evening comes to Hong Kong the New York stock exchange reopens. Then Hong Kong influences the U.S. stock market. So, Hon g Kong links the three time zones of Europe, Asia, and America into a one. Hong Kong today is one of the three biggest financial centers in the world together with New York and Frankfurt. Its also one of the three gold trade centers besides London ; Zurich of Switzerland. The following facts and figures may help us understand further the position of Hong Kong in the world economic life today. ? Hong Kong is the biggest transit port in the world. Its container handling capacity was 13,300,000 in 1996, five years successively holding the world record. ? The turnover of Hong Kongs import expert trade in 1996 reached 2,933.6 billion H.K.D (about 380 billion USD), ranked 8th in the world. ? Hong Kong is second to the Chinese mainland in ready-made garments export volume. Its export of watches and toys is on top of the world. ? Hong Kongs handling capacity of airfreight transportation ranked second in the world in 1996. The daily handling capacity of its airport is 5,400 tons, not including that of a new airport, which will be put into operation within this year. The British and Hong Kong Since the early 19th century, Britain had become the number one Colonial Empire of the world, a number of important islands and peninsulas, such as Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea, Ceylon in the Indian Ocean, Malaya including Singapore in the. Pacific Ocean and Malvinas Isla nds (the Falkland Islands) and Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean have been under the British flag. In 1830, two British merchants also notorious opium smugglers, J.W. Matheson and W. Jardine urged the British government to occupy a certain island at the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong as an anchorage for the British merchant ships. Since 1820, the East Indies Company had actually taken the island of as an anchorage for their opium ships, making Hong Kong a base of their dirty trade. This was also described in the official documents of the Qing Empire. In March 1839, Lin Zhe Sui was sent by the Emperial Court as a commissioner to ban the opium trade in Guangdong. He ordered the opium traders to surrender more than 20 thousand cases of opium and had them all burned in Human Fortress. This led to the notorious Opium War. On June 25th 1841, the British navy officially landed on Hong Kong Island and hoisted the British flag there. This event happened one year and 7 months before the signing of the humiliating Nanjing Treaty, according to which, Hong Kong was ceded to Britain. The Nanjing Treaty was the first unfair treaty of national betrayal and humiliation in the modern history of China. Since then, China had been reduced to the status of a semi-colonial feudalistic country. The cession of Hong Kong was a sign of Qing Dynastys sinking into depravity until its doom. The Political Status of Hong Kong (Prior to July 1, 1997)Hong Kong, in a strict sense is not a British colony. It is a piece of foreign occupied land of Chinas territory. The Chinese governments standing towards the status of Hong Kong and Macau won wide support from the international society. In November 1972, at a voting of the Assembly of the United Nations, a solution was by overwhelming majority of 99 to 5 votes to cancel the names of Hong Kong and Macau from the list of existing colonies in the world. This solution told the world that Hong Kong must return to her motherland when the time came. On February 7, 1985, the House of Commons for the British Parliament passed an Act (1985 Hong Kong Art) proclaiming that from July 1997 the U. K. was to put an end to its domination. The same Act was passed aga in by the House of Nobles. The Act came into effects after the Queen signed her name on it on May 7th, the same year. The Different Stages of the Sino-BritishThe First Stage (Sept. 1982 to July 1984)This stage began with the official visit of the then Prime-minister Mrs. Thatcher to Beijing and ended with the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .postImageUrl , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:hover , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:visited , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:active { border:0!important; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:active , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Pregnancy (900 words) EssayDuring this period of time, considering that 1997 was drawing near, in the British eyes the problem of Hong Kong should be settled for the best. interest of Britain. Coincidentally, the British had just won a war against Argentina over Malvinas Islands. . Mrs. Thatcher must have thought that being a victor in a newly won war would strengthen her position in the talks with China, but she found she had miscalculated. In face the British proposals- sovereignty for dominion, co-dominion, and extension of the lease of the New Territory for 50 more years from 1997 were all rejected by China one by one. Finally both sides came to a solution of one country two systems. A capitalist economic system remains unchanged after 1997 for at least 50 years. Hong Kong people will enjoy a very high autonomy, exercising their administrative power under the sovereignty of the P.R.C. (Peoples Republic of China). This solution will be satisfactory to China, Britain and Hong Kong people as well. As a result of this mutually beneficial solutions the Sino -British Joint Declaration was signed in Dec. 1984. The main contents of this historical document are as follows: Confirming China s restoration of sovereignty over Hong Kong area and the British handover of Hong Kong to China on the same date: July 1,1997. The fundamental policies of the Chinese government toward Hong Kong are to establishment a Special Administrative Region, which is under the jurisdiction of the Central Peoples Government of China. The Regional Government is composed of the native citizens. No change will be made to the existing social and economic system in Hong Kong, and no change of the living style there, either, while the existing laws will be sustained basically. The Special Region will maintain its status as a free port, with its Customs duty system unchanged; it also maintains its status as the center of international finance with its financial independence. The Special Region can also keep on independently its long-term relations with international organizations, develop its social and cultural relationship and make relevant agreements with The social security of the region will be protected by the police force there as before. Chinas Government assures that the above principles for Hong Kong will not be changed within 50 years. The Chinese the British Governments jointly guarantee their cooperation for the smooth transition of Hong Kong area in 1997. The Second Stage (1984-1989)During this period the relationship between China Britain as well as that between Guangdong developed very steadily and smoothly. In October 1986 Queen Elizabeth paid an unusual visit to China which highlighted the development of friendship between these two nations. The Third Stage (June 1989 to the Present)This stage began after the June 4th incident in 1989. However, it as only an overture to the sharp turning of the British policy toward China on the Hong Kong issues. The political background, which led to the British wrong steering, was much more complicated History Reports

philippines essays

philippines essays Per Capita Income: The per capita income of a certain country is the GDP of that country divided by the total population. In the Philippines the per capita income is approximately $700. When compared to the per capita income of the United States, which is about $22,000, it is easy to tell that the economy of the Philippines is very, very poor. % FROM AGRICULTURE: 17.1 (important because you would think that since they mainly produce agricultural products that its percentage would be the highest) % FROM SERVICES: 39.2 (also important because you wouldnt think that this one would be the highest) Exports: Traditionally, the Philippines have been primarily an exporter of raw materials and an importer of manufactured goods. This is the role that many third world countries play in the global economy. Electronic and automotive parts, along with garments are the leading merchandise exports of the country. However, the Philippines also rely heavily on import inputs. The country also exports bananas, coconuts, copper, gold, lumber, pineapples and sugar. Imports: The Philippines mostly imports manufactured goods. Certain items remain subject to import regulations such as narcotic drugs, firearms, ammunition, etc. Their chief imports include chemicals, machinery, and petroleum. Trading Partners: The Philippines, like any other country, cannot produce everything that it needs. Instead, it relies heavily on foreign trade. Specialization in production allows for each nation to produce what it produces best, and to trade for products, which it cannot produce as well. This means that if you are better at one thing and I am better at another, rather than each of us trying to do both, we would each do what we are best at. Then, we would exchange what we had produced and both ...

Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman

Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman By Maeve Maddox In Old English, the word man had the meaning of â€Å"human being† or â€Å"person,† male or female. Note: Old English is the earliest form of English, brought to Great Britain in the fifth century by Germanic settlers. The first literary works in Old English date from the seventh century. In OE, the word man occurs in proverbs in the sense of â€Å"one,† â€Å"a person† or â€Å"people†: NÄ“ sceal man tÃ…  Ç £r forht nÄ“ tÃ…  Ç £r fà ¦gen: A person shouldn’t be too soon fearful nor too soon glad The usual OE word for â€Å"an adult male person† was wer. Man didn’t start being used in that sense until late in the OE period (c. 1000). Wer continued into Middle English, but by the late thirteenth century had been replaced by man. Wer survives into modern English as the combining form seen in the first syllable of werewolf: â€Å"a person who, according to medieval superstition, is transformed or is capable of transforming himself at times into a wolf.† The general meaning of man to mean human person of either gender survives in modern English in such words as manslaughter and mankind. The latter is being superseded by the word humankind in the belief that the man- of mankind excludes women. Its fixed legal use will probably prevent manslaughter from being replaced by humanslaughter. The Old English word for a female person, married or unmarried, was wyf. The meaning â€Å"female spouse† developed within the OE period, but the general sense of woman, married or unmarried, continued. In the 18th century, one definition of wife was â€Å"a woman of humble rank or of low employment,† a sense that remains in the words fishwife and alewife. Used figuratively, the term fishwife has acquired the negative connotation of â€Å"a scurrilously abusive woman.† The sense of â€Å"women in general† is at work in the expression â€Å"old wives’ tale†: â€Å"an unlikely story told and believed by women a widely held or traditional belief now thought to be incorrect or erroneous.† For example, a very common  old wives  tale  is the admonition to feed a  cold  and starve a  fever. Note: The tale, not the women, is â€Å"old.† Inherent in this expression is the notion that women are more gullible than men. Perhaps we could coin the expression â€Å"old husbands’ tale† for the stereotypical notions that men pass on about women. For example, â€Å"Women lack intellect,† â€Å"women are more emotional and jealous than men,† â€Å"women are not suited to serve in public office,† â€Å"women lack courage,† etc. Husband, like wife, has meanings apart from married status. Meanings of husband include â€Å"tiller of the soil, manager of a household,† and â€Å"steward.† It’s interesting that today’s general word for â€Å"adult female person,† woman, originated when wyf (â€Å"female person†) was joined to man (â€Å"human being†) to produce the combination wyfman (â€Å"female human being†). The modern form woman developed from a plural of wyfman that did not include the /f/ sound or spelling: wimman. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsWord Count and Book Length

The industry environment and the macro environment Assignment

The industry environment and the macro environment - Assignment Example There are cost differences between the firms of cartel. For example, the firm with lower cost will sell more output and earn more profit, but this is not possible in the cartel, as cartel firms are obliged to share the profit irrespective of their cost structure. The commission has adopted a dominant strategy by threatening price fixers with extremely large fines on one hand, and at the same time, promising the whistle-blower an escape from the huge fine of 331 million pounds. This strategy is dominant because it will provide optimal results to the commission. This is because no firm will collude again due to the fear of having to pay a big amount of fine. Moreover, the existence of whistle-blowers like Micron is another negative factor. The authority will try to allot a contract to the lower bidder, because in this case it will have to pay  £ 200000 only. Whilst, bidders will try to earn maximum profit by cutting down each other, so if the contract is split up into two companies, then the authority has to pay  £220,000 which is less than  £ 300000 and more than  £ 200000. However, if one company succeeds in obtaining the contract, then the authority will have to pay  £220,000 which is again lower than  £ 300000 but greater than  £ 200000. The result of the secret competitive tendering was observed by repeated games, because the bid involves two competitors with many bidding options. Both bidders will try to earn the maximum profit by cutting back the other. Both will be afraid of making high bids, because in that case, one of them will end up losing the contract. In short, a final decision can be reached after playing repeated strategies and assessing the moves of each other. The concept of beauty care industry is as old as mankind. A man is born with the wish to look beautiful and in order to satisfy his wish, he utilizes all his

Why and how according to the Buddha should unenlightened beings try to Essay

Why and how according to the Buddha should unenlightened beings try to combat greed, hatred and delusion - Essay Example The fourth noble truth is the result of learning and practicing, which is the stage in which one becomes enlightened. The greed, hatred and delusion fall under the second noble truth. They are aspects of the causation of suffering. This paper purposes to discuss how and why the unenlightened should strive to deal with these three poisons of humanity, as perceived in Buddhism. Greed, hatred and delusion in Buddhism have commonly been referred to as the three poisons or the three fires. Other scholars of Buddhism have referred to them as the three unwholesome roots. Webster (2005 p 98) likens the three of them with evil desire. The reason for their being referred to as such is because of their nature to cause human beings to have a desire to happiness through the wrong motive. A close look at these metaphorical references to these three aspects reveals that they can be very dangerous if not dealt with from a deterministic perspective. They can induce afflictive emotions and thoughts. Buddhism teaches that the three are a byproduct of ignorance. By referring to them as a byproduct of ignorance, the teachings of Buddha point to the fact that there is a means of combating them. This way will be by applying the teachings of Buddha and practicing them so that the person who harbored them can become intelligent, or realize the fourth noble truth. Going by the fa ct that these three aspects are a result of ignorance, it is reasonable that the person experiencing them follows the recommendations of Buddha’s teachings so that they can become knowledgeable. This is to mean that the essence of combating greed, hatred and delusion is to become intelligent. This will be advantageous to the persuerer because they will become intelligent, and will have cured the disease of suffering. The Buddhist hypothesis behind greed, hatred and