Famous Sites, Language and Religion Practiced In Haiti

The visit I made to the Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center in Sacramento, California, end up being exceptionally instructive, engaging, and a two-hour all around spent. The experience managed me a great deal of learnings from the Gold Rush time frame that I didn’t know previously. Before I made the voyage through the four exhibitions inside the structure, I initially went to the visitors’ data focus, wherein a presentation with respect to the building’s development has been appeared in a nine-minute film cut. We will compose a custom exposition test on Disclosure Museum Gold Rush History Center or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In light of the clasp appeared, I discovered that the historical center is a reproduction of the first structure that was worked in 1854 that recently housed the City of Sacramento’s city lobby, residence for the local group of fire-fighters, prison, police headquarters, and court. The first structure had experienced basic issues and was pronounced hazardous numerous years after the fact. It was at long last wrecked around sixty years after the fact in 1913. The reproduction building has been changed on certain sides in accordance with its being a historical center exhibiting history, science and innovation. The Gold Rush Center’s shows are in The Lure of Gold display. The museum’s plan of occasions is efficient and exceptional. From that point, I had the option to see gold chunks in plain view and curios and actualizes utilized by diggers from the Gold Rush period. The Gold Rush in California was a vital crossroads in history that changed Sacramento for eternity. Sacramento turned into the focal point of that occasion in 1849. Individuals from everywhere throughout the world went to this city wanting to make themselves rich. Beforehand, this display has exhibited a normal miner’s travel and way of life. Beside the shows, there are additionally active exercises for youngsters and intuitive projects to enable the current age to improve comprehension of the past. Step by step instructions to refer to Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center, Papers

Guns Should Not Be Banned in the US Essay

Only half a month prior a man with the name Adam Lanza chose to take the weapons of his mom and end the life of 20 youngsters and 8 grown-ups, including his mother’s and his own. This barbarity hasn’t been the first. In the weeks since the slaughter, firearm control supporters have required another government prohibition on attack weapons and for decreases in the quantity of covered convey licenses gave to private residents. Nonetheless, to accuse ambush weapons for this catastrophe bodes well as reprimanding planes for the 9-11 assaults. The issue lies with the culprit, not the apparatus used to perpetrate the wrongdoing. It is a deception that further firearm control will ensure the general population since no law, regardless of how prohibitive, can shield us from individuals who choose to carry out savage wrongdoings. Firearms ought to never be restricted in the United States, on the grounds that the ownership of weapons at last improves open security. Epitomized in the Second Amendment to the Constitution is simply reality that administering people should bear the obligation regarding safeguarding themselves. The Amendment states, â€Å"A very much managed Militia, being important to the security of a free State, the privilege of the individuals to keep and carry weapons, will not be infringed.† Many warmed contentions as to the Second Amendment have been created among legitimate researchers. The most lively discussion among everything is the right significance of the expression. Some contend that the privilege of carrying weapons just applies all in all to those in the volunteer army. In any case, Pratt shows that numerous researchers disregard the fundamental standards in the Amendment, including the law of self-government and the privilege of self-preservation. His contention is upheld by a statement from one establishing father, â€Å"a essential law of nature, which . . . (is] the prompt endowment of the Creator.† Pratt shows that, self-preservation is an undeniable right that is unalienable and unequipped for being given up or moved. Numerous star weapon control supporters hold fast to the conviction that the accessibility of firearms cause vicious wrongdoing to occur and, all the more significantly, that criminal brutality as a rule can be decreased by restrict ing access to guns. This is a testable experimental suggestion. Research shows that incapacitating the general population has not diminished criminal savagery. For instance, in Washington, D.C. what's more, New York City, serious firearm control laws had been applied, yet Washington D.C. is the â€Å"murder capital of the US† and New York City positions among the most risky places in the nation. In the two urban areas, savage lawbreakers can without much of a stretch get the most fatal weapons in the city in no time. Lawful researcher John Lott presents the most thoroughly far reaching information examination at any point done on wrongdoing measurements and option to-convey laws. Lott had sat the plan on the effect of weapons on wrongdoing in America by making a gigantic dataset of every one of the 3,054 areas in the United States during 18 years from 1977 through 1994. He proposed an amazing factual contention that state laws empowering residents to convey disguised handguns had decreased wrongdoing (18). There are two reasons why covered handgun laws decrease vicious wrongdoing. Initially, they diminish the quantity of endeavored violations since crooks are unsure about the chance of potential casualties shielding themselves. Second, casualties with ownership of weapons are in a vastly improved situation to safeguard them. Lott likewise introduced the solid adverse connection between the quantity of decent residents with grants and the crime percentage, which decreases as more individuals acquire licenses (59). A definitive inquiry that worries everybody is in the case of permitting decent residents to claim weapons will spare more lives or not. While there are numerous recounted stories delineating both great and terrible employments of weapons, Lott responded to this inquiry by outlining his information examination and finish up the net impact. This convenient and provocative work arrives at the frightening resolution: more firearms mean less wrongdoing. Having firearms is one of the significant techniques for residents to protection themselves. A few people may utilize weapons in illicit manners, yet more have the motivation behind keeping horrendous things from transpiring. Making firearms illicit will essentially incapacitate serene residents. Simultaneously, hoodlums will consistently discover the weapons they have to do their wrongdoing. This circumstance leaves a green light for brutal hoodlums to assault everybody, leaving potential casualties exposed. Consistently, a huge number of quiet Americans effectively use weapons to protect themselves. An investigation directed by Florida State University criminologist Gary Kleck found that Americans use weapons protectively 2.5 million times each year dependent on 16 national reviews of tests of the U.S. populace. Preceding Kleck’s study, thirteen different reviews s howed a scope of between 800,000 to 2.5 million cautious weapon utilizes every year. Given that there are undeniably more weapon possessing wrongdoing casualties than there are firearm claiming lawbreakers and that exploitation is spread out over various casualties while insulting is among a moderately modest number of guilty parties, Kleck come to the end result that guarded firearm utilizes are considerably more typical than criminal weapon utilizes (102). This case has been over and again affirmed, and stays one of the most reliably upheld declarations in the firearms brutality explore zone. Through long stretches of research, Kleck has discovered solid proof that â€Å"crime casualties who use firearms during a wrongdoing are more averse to be harmed or executed, and more averse to lose property than wrongdoing casualties who embrace some other system, including non-resistance.† The plan of certain promoters of weapon control can be deluding. As the discussion over the 1976 District of Columbia firearm boycott illustrates, â€Å"gun control† regularly covers for a concealed motivation. English Cabinet papers declassified in 1969-70 show that in spite of cases made in Parliamentary discussions, the aim of the Firearms Act 1920 was not to diminish or forestall wrongdoing, however to forestall a dreaded Bolshevik transformation in Britain. Direct proclamations by individuals from the Cabinet exhibit a plan to misdirect people in general about their goals. There are reasons other than the ownership of firearms that could cause the high recurrence of shooting. Being one of them, Cramer’s article, Ethical issues of mass homicide inclusion in the broad communications looks at the manner by which factually lopsided inclusion of mass killings by Newsweek and Time from 1984 to 1991 energized at any rate one copycat wrongdoing, and may have caused others. Cramer utilizes a copycat wrongdoing Joseph Wesbecker sentenced after Patrick Purdy for instance. Beginning inclusion of Purdy’s wrongdoing was moderately controlled, and just the fundamental subtleties were accounted for. Be that as it may, after seven days, Patrick Purdy’s name kept on getting press consideration, and thusly his acclaim expanded. Articles referencing Purdy or his wrongdoing kept on showing up in for a long time. On September 14, 1989, Joseph Wesbecker, utilizing precisely the same weapon as Purdy did, led his very own slaughter. In the wake of finding out about the dangerous intensity of Patrick Purdy’s weapon, Wesbecker cut out a February Time magazine article on some of Purdy’s abuses, so as to depict the firearm to a weapon seller. Popularity and ignominy are in a moral sense, alternate extremes. Practically, they are about indistinguishable. The human need to commend human honorability, and to reprove human debasement, has made us commit enormous consideration, both insightful and well known, to depicting the total inverses of go od and abhorrence. The quest for distinction can lead individuals to demonstrations of extraordinary boldness and respectability. It can likewise prompt demonstrations of extraordinary brutality. Other than the long-term banters on firearm control law itself, it is fundamental for the general population to consider different issues with respect to open wellbeing. In all cases, weapon bans have been incapable, costly, and significantly counter-gainful. In the event that appropriately gave, enrolled, observed and put away, weapons will help guard US citizens’ security. The truth of the matter is that we live in a risky world and the administration can't secure us for each and every moment. We should at last depend upon ourselves and just by having the vital apparatuses would we be able to make it feasible. In this manner, weapons ought to never be restricted in the United States.

the person you are now

the person you are now Six minutes ago I was supposed to be out on my flight from Los Angeles to Boston, returning a little later from my Thanksgiving break than everyone else due to the simple fact that flights were cheaper today rather than last Sunday. I am, unfortunately, not on that flight because it was delayed by 6 hours and am instead sitting on my couch, watching the time tick by, and reflecting. Airports have not treated me very kindly this past year. Every time Ive been at an airport, it was either to say hello to the boy I thought was the love of my life, or goodbye to the boy I thought was the love of my life. Ive spent these past few days revisiting old places I used to frequent a lot back when I was in high school. The Source in Buena Park, Baekjeong on Beach Blvd, my aunts house in Cerritos. Every place I went, everything felt a little bit off. I dont like being back in California because every memory here is now slightly tainted. Bittersweet. I look around in the places I used to call home and they feel like hollow shells with memories echoed in its crevices, both good and bad. I walk by the food court in The Source and only see shadows of past selves laughing with my friends who are no longer my friends, holding hands with a boy no longer in my life, crying as I confront the people who hurt me most. I am not fond of these echoes. And I think its for these reasons that Ive grown to dislike my time in California. Only a little bit ago I had come home for Columbus day weekend and everything was fine. In fact, I wanted to stay. Now, MIT represents something a lot more pure. Its a fresh start for me. I recently went through the process of cleaning out all of my social media, archiving posts from the past two years. I dont know if it was torture or therapy to have to relive every single post, every moment overshared. From an initial breakup of two boyfriends ago, to falling in love with the second boyfriend, to falling out love again. From anxiously choosing junior year classes, to summer internships, to college applications, to my MIT acceptance, and to now. I see names of people who are no longer here, whose voices and personalities and faces have started to erode with the passing of time and I am afraid that there will come a day where I dont remember her name anymore. And that will be the biggest injustice to her legacy yet. Ive been going through this series of remembering and forgetting, remembering and forgetting, curating these boxes of memories to throw and memories to keep. I sometimes ask myself if Id ever want to have my Clementine moment, erasing every moment that brings me pain. But I have to remind myself that its these very moments that helped shape me into the person Ive become. I say it all the time and I will continue to say it again but MIT has truly, truly changed my life in these few months. Ive been able to become more vulnerable and affectionate, loving and open, bold and daring.   At the end of my social media cleanse, I wrote a post to document everything Ive learned in life this past semester. Breakups I know this is a bit personal for the MIT blogs, but also I think its a veryimportant part to mention for the college experience. When I walked into MIT, 5 out of the 8 people in our friend group were in long distance relationships, myself included. By the middle of November, that number dropped to 2. Being single for the first time in a year and a half is incredibly jarring. I have no one to send good morning and good night texts to, no one to send stupid, trivial updates to, no one to call on Discord and watch Adventure Time with.   It has been a difficult adjustment and I cant say Ive been handling it well, but I know I made the best decision for me. Throughout my high school career, I clung onto my romantic relationship because I felt very isolated at school. It was there for me and grounded me in some of the worst times of my life and some of the best times of my life. Coming to college, I realized I no longer needed to be grounded, that I had found a group of my own to call home and no longer needed the protection that I found in my relationship, and I made the ultimate decision to utilize the time in college to focus and explore a new life of independence. I cried for the very first time over this breakup a month after it happened, proving to me that the weird, strange healing process is very, very different for every person and every relationship. But I am happy I cried because that means things are finally starting to process. Distance Ive been kind of neglecting myself in hopes of caring for others. Imagine a bird repeatedly flying into a cactus because it wants to hug it. Thats me. Im the bird. After I told my mom I hated being back home, she told me, Thats good. That means youre no longer needy for home. But its funny cause that means youre needy for your friends now. It isabsolutely known to me that I am, in fact, a very needy, emotional being. If you couldnt tell that from my posts, you should probably go back and reread them. They are volatile and full of mush. But I am volatile and full of mush, so it makes sense that my posts are, too. Ive been trying to find comfort in just  being. It seems that for these past years, Ive always had someone to cling on to and someone to turn to always. Now, Im kind of trying to realize that I dont need outside validation in order to feel good about myself. Its a process. I amdefinitely still the attention-seeking mess Ive always been, but there is slow improvement. Less message your ex at 2ams, less send this risky text to this person when you know it wont work out, less stay up and overthink this one event that happened 4 years ago. Its a process. Indulgence Ive mentioned in the past that Ive struggled a lot with body image and eating disorders. I have not mentioned that Ive qualified for the Miss Massachusetts Teen Pageant award taking place this January. I am now mentioning that unsurprisingly my participation in this pageant has brought back some of those demons. But, Im proud of myself because while there have been some sneaking thoughts creeping back, Ive been able to handle them pretty well. I returned back home for Thanksgiving and absolutely indulged myself in whatever food I wanted. Absolutely guilt free. I have not been to the gym since last Wednesday. I am going to go to the gym tomorrow after my midterm and classes. I am also going to start cooking again. (I have not cooked since the breakup and have been subsisting off of yogurt and granola for breakfast daily, Sate for lunch, and honestly forgetting to eat dinner.) Furthermore, I am going to eat three meals a day and Love Myself. Take that, eating disorders. Im considering doing keto, realized my blood pressures kind of fucked and its not a good idea to go on a high fat high protein diet when your blood pressure is fucked, and switched it instead to low carb. I am sad because my favorite foods include pasta, bread, and rice. Unfortunate. Overall, pretty pleased with how my mental has been handling my physical health. I said this in the blogger slack but just so everyone knows: I am terrified of the gym. I do not deadlift properly. I am currently perhaps on the search for a personal trainer when I get back home. Despite all these things, Ive been going to the gym four times a week during my time at MIT. Hoping to make that six times a week but baby steps, please, baby steps. Identity When writing my other post Be Social, I actually made a really big realization that Im uncomfortable in spaces with primarily East Asian women and feel very inferior/low in these spaces. I wanted to join ADT and do formal recruitment for some primarily Asian sororities earlier in the fall, but felt I wasnt Asian enough to join it, not because of their advertising, but more of because of this strange, internalized self-hatred thats managed to manifest. Growing up Filipino, Ive always noticed how we are not exactly the poster children for Asia. This was also mentioned in one of posts regarding my MIT essay revisions. I grew up being told that the Philippines was the mutt of Asia, that we were some fucked up hybrid of past colonizers and forced to scramble around, grabbing at colonial identities like straws in order to try and make something of our own. So, yeah, obviously Im still pretty fucked up about it. I didnt believe I was pretty for about 15 years of my life because I wasnt [insert literally any East Asian country here]. I wanted to change my race so badly, wanted to hear a different language around the house, wanted to be recognized and validated by the public eye. I love my identity, I love my heritage, I love being Filipino. But it gets hard sometimes when Im surrounded by pretty pale skinny Asian girls and I remember that I will never look like them. Next semester/next year, though, I plan to try and overcome these fears. To make space in places where I feel there is no space. Therapy Kind of twiddling with the idea of going back to therapy again. Ive been going on and off since the fourth grade. My last appointment was right before I left for August orientation. Did some self care over Thanksgiving break by a) not touching any work at all except for maybe a couple hours at a Starbucks as I cried over my 8.01L prepset and b) only listening to BTS for the past 4 days. Incredibly therapeutic. Please go watch their MMA performance, it is the best kpop performance of 2019 and an incredible way to close out the decade. Growth Speaking of lingering trauma at the places that used to mean the most to me in high school, I visited my old high school again! [RECORD SCRATCH NOISES TO INDICATE A BREAK IN THE FOURTH WALL OF THIS POST: Sorry, god, the tone of this post changed so much. Ive been writing for the past 50 minutes straight, okay, emotions change. I started this post off teary eyed and we really were not vibing but now Ive kind of sat back and am very pleased with how this post is going. Its so therapeutic to write this. I love oversharing on the Internet. I cant believe I have a job where I can cry publicly on the front page of a globally renowned institution. I love MIT. MIT is great, kids. You get to do shit like this. Sorry, moving on.] It was both uncomfortable and rewarding to visit my old high school again. The best parts of high school were my teachers and few close friends and maybe Organic Chemistry and Engineering102. The worst part of high school was everything else. But going back to high school and seeing how far Id come was incredibly validating to me and made me appreciate college even more. In December 2018, I wasnt even sure if I was going to live to see the end of senior year. Now, Im crying in my California home because Im so excited to go home and see my friends again.01 hello crabmeats if youre reading this i love you. thank you. I made sure to fill my teachers in on everything my classes, MIT admissions blogging, my dorm, my friends, my social life. Everything. And as I walked them through it, I couldnt help but smile to myself because I was so genuinely happy about where I was in life and where Im headed. I was also happy I was able to talk to my friends who are currently undergoing the very stressful, difficult process of being a high school senior. College application season is one of the worst times in anyones life. But also, senior year is really when you realize your fake and real friends. And its very, very difficult to have to go through friend drama alongside college applications. I am wishing all the love and support to all of my high school seniors out there. Conclusion MITs kind of fucking amazing. The classes are hard, but fulfilling. The people are incredibly unique and supportive. The faculty are passionate and kind and helpful. There is an insane amount of opportunities here that I never thought Id ever get to explore or do. Ive tried so many new things, met so many people, and learned so much academically and emotionally that I am eternally grateful for this first semester at MIT. PNR is coming to a close and I am very nervous to receive actual grades. But I am excited for my classes and excited to spend another semester with my friends and family at MIT. I am proud of the person I am now and the person I am becoming. And I look forward to seeing where these upcoming months bring me next. hello crabmeats if you're reading this i love you. thank you. back to text ?

Jacquelinemcneal1 PA260 Unit 9 Final Project Essay

Making the Amber Alert Jacqueline McNealy Kaplan University Authors Note: This paper was prepared for Criminal Law, Section 2, Instructed by Stacey Callaway. In 1996, a 9 year old girl, Amber Hagerman was riding her bike around the neighborhood when a neighbor heard her scream. The neighbor witnessed the little girl being pulled off her bike, by a man, and thrown into a pickup truck. The neighbor called the police, and Amber’s brother went home and notified their parents. After contacting a man who had a similar event happen to his daughter, the family began contacting the media and the FBI. Neighbors, friends and family began searching for Amber, and after the media aired information about her case, most in Arlington, Texas†¦show more content†¦Amber Hagerman’s case is unsolved, to date. In February 2011 the police was lead into a child pornography and trafficking network resulting in the police questioning a man, Bill Fry. In 1996 Fry, who has been living in Arizona, had an apartment in Texas not far from the location Amber was abducted. By August the police raided Fry’s home. While the police found child pornography, Fry was dismissed by the police from being a suspect in the Hagerman’s case (The Tarrant County Observer, 2011). Because there has been no arrest, no trial, and the case is still open and being investigated, the case information is unattainable. While the court may not have made a decision which began the legislative process changing a law, the Amber Hagerman case is still a landmark case because it is responsible for The Amber Alert system. Because the idea to quickly find Amber via the media and broadcast agencies was successful, the idea of using the media to locate a child became more routine. It is designed to locate and retrieve a child who has been kidnapped and or missing and in possible danger. The word Amber became an acronym for America’s Missing Broadcast Emergency Response. After Texas began using the Amber Alert system more routinely, more states began adopting the Amber Alert as well. 3 years later, the White House held a conference to discuss Missing and Exploited and runaway children, with the result of the President appointing the first ever

Syphilis Infection and Potential Progression Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Normally there is no itching associated with the rashes that can be usually seen as rough, red, or reddish brown spots on the palms of the hands and bottom of the feet. These rashes may occur in other parts of the body. There is also the possibility of fever, swollen lymph glands, hair loss, headaches, loss of weight, and pain in the muscles. Just as in the case of the primary stage of the infection, the symptoms of the second stage can disappear in the absence of appropriate treatment, but the infection can progress into the tertiary stage or latent stage of the infection 2010). Tertiary syphilis or the latent stage of the infection starts at the time of the disappearance of the primary or secondary symptoms of the infection. It is also called the hidden stage of the disease, as the infection continues in the individual without showing any signs or symptoms. This hidden stage of the infection can last for anywhere between 10 years to 20 years. Tertiary syphilis can occur in nearly 15% of the individuals, who have not received appropriate treatment during the earlier stages of the infection 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Syphilis Infection and Potential Progression or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The lack of appropriate treatment of the infection at any stage of the disease heightens the risk for the development of neurosyphilis.

Truth in Sentencing Free Essays

Truth-in-sentencing debate Learning Team B CJA/204 November 26, 2012 Deana Bohenek Truth-In-Sentencing Debate Opening Argument Truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The federal truth-in-sentencing law guarantees that certain violent offenders will serve at least 85% of their sentence  (Schmalleger, 2012). However, if the offender acts accordingly in prison, he or she can attain parole for good behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth in Sentencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now What about the victims? Victims do not want to hear this. If an offender is sentenced for 30 years, the victim wants justice and wants to see the full 30 years served. They do not want to see the offender getting released after 25 years. The truth-in-sentencing laws are the judges’ guideline when choosing the sentence of the offender. The law is a structured guideline for sentencing the offenders. However, the judge can deviate from the guidelines if there are mitigating and aggravating circumstances. Look at plea bargaining,  this is still a possibility even though there are truth-in-sentencing laws in place. The offender knows that if they get caught, they can plea bargain for a lesser sentence and be back out on the streets sooner. Let me say it again, truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The offenders know they will get out of prison soon through a plea bargain or parole. They know they can avoid serving the full sentence that the judge imposed on him or her. The only way to deter crime and reduce recidivism is to abolish the possibility of parole and ensure that the sentence the judge renders is carried out to full-term. Obviously, to take away the option for parole would mean that the prison populations would increase. Well, we should take the funds left over from overhead to run the parole division and build more prisons to house these offenders. The longer we keep them off the streets, the safer society will be. Rebuttal Argument Each state has to look at the amount of money being spent to house each inmate they have in custody. Because the Truth-In Sentencing Law wants to keep the offender behind bars until they complete their entire sentence/term in prison no matter what the costs are to the public. Meaning, everyone’s hard earned income  (taxes) are used to keep them in their present place of occupancy. This law depletes the services we receive from our state revenues. We don’t have much say in the budget spending but we do see the increase in taxes used for each state program. I have to disagree with the statement made â€Å"The offenders know they will get out of prison sooner through a plea bargain or parole. †Ã‚   Not all offenders before or during their trial will know the outcome of sentencing. Many do not have the option for plea bargaining because plea bargaining depends on the severity of the crime committed. Instead, if the case went directly to trial, (this includes judge and jury) the accused might have a chance of plea bargaining. No plea bargaining makes the offender eligible for a parole based on his or her behavior during incarceration and no plea bargaining being offered. But if society had no parole system, then the correctional system will have to face overcrowding in the institutions. The lack of Rehabilitation for said prisoner would be non-effective because there would be no programs such as work-time credit or good-time credit, which is the main reason why early release would benefit them. With those programs the time served by offenders would be less and would allow the offenders to enter back into society. The fear of re-entry of said offenders are the defense for keeping them locked up. These programs should be used for offenders that have this as a first offense on their record and have shown they can be productive in today’s society. Not all inmates are repeat offenders some are just non-violent offenses but carry a great penalty. When I was younger it was a big deal to go to jail because it showed most people that they were a â€Å"badass†, a badge of honor, and should be feared. In my eyes it was a waste of mind, body, and productive individual. Those same individuals found when they came out ithout a trade they were worthless and the only way to survive was crime and more time in jail. In Illinois, Governor Pat Quinn on October 2, 2012 has reinstated the program for â€Å"Good-time† releases,  a way to bring down the overcrowding in his state and federal prison system. Opening Argument Truth-in-Sentencing laws deter crime because they ensure that offenders are in prison for at least 85% of their sentence. Therefore, the convicted offenders stay in prison for longer periods and not able to commit additional crimes and endanger the member of society. TIS laws are the assurance of longer prison terms as punishment and serve as an effective deterrent from criminal actions to the serving offender and others who may be considering criminal acts. The laws provide the ability for the criminal justice system to operate more effectively by lowering violent crimes as well punishing violent criminals. According  to the publication from  University  of Alabama at Birmingham (2005) citing data from Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the decade following the passage and implementation of the truth-in-sentencing laws in 1994, the arrests for violent crimes were reduced by 16% by the year of 2005. The TIS laws also limit some of the discretion of the judges and parole boards with regard to release of the offenders prematurely and being â€Å"too soft† on crime, thus eliminating the many possibilities for the offenders getting away without receiving the well-deserved punishment. The Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report from January 1999 indicates that prior to the TIS laws violent offenders barely served half the length of their sentences. What kind of message did that send to the convicted or potential criminals? With the availability of TIS laws, criminal justice administrators can build public confidence by ensuring that the just punishment is served to anyone breaking the law. In the article written by Joanna Shepherd published in the Journal of Law and Economics, she makes this statement: â€Å"Using a country-level data set, empirical results confirm that TIS laws deter violent offenders, increase the probability of arrest, and increase maximum imposed prison sentences. TIS laws decrease murders by 16%, aggravated assaults by 12%, robberies by 24%, rapes by 12%, and larcenies by 3%† (Shepherd,  2002,  p. 09). Today, more states are implementing the TIS laws and abolishing parole and indeterminate sentencing, demonstrating that the state legislature believes in this uniform application of justice processes and effectiveness of these laws in crime prevention. This information clearly shows that TIS laws are very effective in deterring crime by ensuring the stern and just punishm ent for offenders and sending the clear message to potential criminals that criminal behavior will be punished by lengthy imprisonment. Rebuttal Argument What about crime being committed in prisons around the world? Are we just going to ignore that fact because victimization is still happening across the boards of federal and state prisons? According to  a writer of The  New Yorker, Adam Gopnik, darkly described America prisons as â€Å"the moral scandal of America life. Prison rape is so endemic- more than seventy thousand prisoners are raped each year. † That is routinely held out as a threat, part of punishment to be expected. † (Gopnik, 2012). The National inmate survey reported that â€Å"An estimated 4. 4% of prison inmates and 3. % of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of victimization by another inmate or facility staff since admission to the facility  (Beck Harrison, 2010). The total federal and state population in 2010 was 1,605,127, while the total jail population in 2009 was 767,620. This implies that there were over 94,000 victims subject to multiple violations (Beck Harrison, 2 010). No I don’t agree with the fact that offenders being incapacitated for longer periods of time don’t commit another crime. For people who want to do so, they will commit crimes anyway, and largely at that. Especially, the incentive behind good time credit is to have offenders behave in prison. If you lock them up in less than ideal conditions with no incentive to behave appropriately while incarcerated, they will be a population difficulty to control because they have nothing to lose. Earning good time credit gives them an insight to behave well inside. As for truth-in sentencing laws, I don’t know if I  would actually say it is a deterrent or at least how much of a deterrent it  is, but I think it is  important nonetheless. Prior to 2003, legislation allowed for automatic emission of every sentence imposed to be reduced by one third (Chong, 2008). If the offender was made eligible for parole, a portion of that sentence is served under supervision in the community to enable their reintegration  into the community when released (Chong, 2008). Legislation introduced in 2003 abolished the automatic remission provision, so the sentence  imposed would more truly reflect the time to be served. In its place, legislation required courts to adjust the sentence actually imposed by one third, to reflect the abolition of automatic remission (Chong, 2008). What the government has done is  replace  automatic remission with reduction of sentence (Chong, 2008). The more things change, the more they remain the same. Sentences are more or less duration  for the same type of offenses (Chong, 2008). Some say the money being used for these criminals sitting in  jail should be more valuable of utilizing for work  time credits and more programs  for educational, substance abuse, psychiatric help programs for these offenders before being released out into the world again. I think it will better prepare themselves rather than not knowing what to do and all they are use to is the  jail’s way of life in which they will end up back  in having that kind of mind set. References Beck, A. J. , Harrison, P. M. (2010, August). Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008-09. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Retrieved from http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/press/svpjri0809pr. cfm Chong, P. (2008, June 19). The Truth about ‘Truth in Sentencing’. WAtoday. Retrieved from http://blogs. watoday. com. u/theverdict/2008/06/the_truth_about. html Ditton, P. M. , Wilson, D. J. (1999, January). Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report,  (NCJ 170032). Retrieved  from  http://bjsdata. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/tssp. pdf Gopnik, A. (2012, January 30). The Caging of America. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/01/30/12030crat_ atlarge_gopnik Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 11th ed. Upper Saddle River: NJ. Shepherd, J. M. (2002, How to cite Truth in Sentencing, Essay examples

Truth in Sentencing Free Essays

Truth-in-sentencing debate Learning Team B CJA/204 November 26, 2012 Deana Bohenek Truth-In-Sentencing Debate Opening Argument Truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The federal truth-in-sentencing law guarantees that certain violent offenders will serve at least 85% of their sentence  (Schmalleger, 2012). However, if the offender acts accordingly in prison, he or she can attain parole for good behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth in Sentencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now What about the victims? Victims do not want to hear this. If an offender is sentenced for 30 years, the victim wants justice and wants to see the full 30 years served. They do not want to see the offender getting released after 25 years. The truth-in-sentencing laws are the judges’ guideline when choosing the sentence of the offender. The law is a structured guideline for sentencing the offenders. However, the judge can deviate from the guidelines if there are mitigating and aggravating circumstances. Look at plea bargaining,  this is still a possibility even though there are truth-in-sentencing laws in place. The offender knows that if they get caught, they can plea bargain for a lesser sentence and be back out on the streets sooner. Let me say it again, truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime. The offenders know they will get out of prison soon through a plea bargain or parole. They know they can avoid serving the full sentence that the judge imposed on him or her. The only way to deter crime and reduce recidivism is to abolish the possibility of parole and ensure that the sentence the judge renders is carried out to full-term. Obviously, to take away the option for parole would mean that the prison populations would increase. Well, we should take the funds left over from overhead to run the parole division and build more prisons to house these offenders. The longer we keep them off the streets, the safer society will be. Rebuttal Argument Each state has to look at the amount of money being spent to house each inmate they have in custody. Because the Truth-In Sentencing Law wants to keep the offender behind bars until they complete their entire sentence/term in prison no matter what the costs are to the public. Meaning, everyone’s hard earned income  (taxes) are used to keep them in their present place of occupancy. This law depletes the services we receive from our state revenues. We don’t have much say in the budget spending but we do see the increase in taxes used for each state program. I have to disagree with the statement made â€Å"The offenders know they will get out of prison sooner through a plea bargain or parole. †Ã‚   Not all offenders before or during their trial will know the outcome of sentencing. Many do not have the option for plea bargaining because plea bargaining depends on the severity of the crime committed. Instead, if the case went directly to trial, (this includes judge and jury) the accused might have a chance of plea bargaining. No plea bargaining makes the offender eligible for a parole based on his or her behavior during incarceration and no plea bargaining being offered. But if society had no parole system, then the correctional system will have to face overcrowding in the institutions. The lack of Rehabilitation for said prisoner would be non-effective because there would be no programs such as work-time credit or good-time credit, which is the main reason why early release would benefit them. With those programs the time served by offenders would be less and would allow the offenders to enter back into society. The fear of re-entry of said offenders are the defense for keeping them locked up. These programs should be used for offenders that have this as a first offense on their record and have shown they can be productive in today’s society. Not all inmates are repeat offenders some are just non-violent offenses but carry a great penalty. When I was younger it was a big deal to go to jail because it showed most people that they were a â€Å"badass†, a badge of honor, and should be feared. In my eyes it was a waste of mind, body, and productive individual. Those same individuals found when they came out ithout a trade they were worthless and the only way to survive was crime and more time in jail. In Illinois, Governor Pat Quinn on October 2, 2012 has reinstated the program for â€Å"Good-time† releases,  a way to bring down the overcrowding in his state and federal prison system. Opening Argument Truth-in-Sentencing laws deter crime because they ensure that offenders are in prison for at least 85% of their sentence. Therefore, the convicted offenders stay in prison for longer periods and not able to commit additional crimes and endanger the member of society. TIS laws are the assurance of longer prison terms as punishment and serve as an effective deterrent from criminal actions to the serving offender and others who may be considering criminal acts. The laws provide the ability for the criminal justice system to operate more effectively by lowering violent crimes as well punishing violent criminals. According  to the publication from  University  of Alabama at Birmingham (2005) citing data from Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the decade following the passage and implementation of the truth-in-sentencing laws in 1994, the arrests for violent crimes were reduced by 16% by the year of 2005. The TIS laws also limit some of the discretion of the judges and parole boards with regard to release of the offenders prematurely and being â€Å"too soft† on crime, thus eliminating the many possibilities for the offenders getting away without receiving the well-deserved punishment. The Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report from January 1999 indicates that prior to the TIS laws violent offenders barely served half the length of their sentences. What kind of message did that send to the convicted or potential criminals? With the availability of TIS laws, criminal justice administrators can build public confidence by ensuring that the just punishment is served to anyone breaking the law. In the article written by Joanna Shepherd published in the Journal of Law and Economics, she makes this statement: â€Å"Using a country-level data set, empirical results confirm that TIS laws deter violent offenders, increase the probability of arrest, and increase maximum imposed prison sentences. TIS laws decrease murders by 16%, aggravated assaults by 12%, robberies by 24%, rapes by 12%, and larcenies by 3%† (Shepherd,  2002,  p. 09). Today, more states are implementing the TIS laws and abolishing parole and indeterminate sentencing, demonstrating that the state legislature believes in this uniform application of justice processes and effectiveness of these laws in crime prevention. This information clearly shows that TIS laws are very effective in deterring crime by ensuring the stern and just punishm ent for offenders and sending the clear message to potential criminals that criminal behavior will be punished by lengthy imprisonment. Rebuttal Argument What about crime being committed in prisons around the world? Are we just going to ignore that fact because victimization is still happening across the boards of federal and state prisons? According to  a writer of The  New Yorker, Adam Gopnik, darkly described America prisons as â€Å"the moral scandal of America life. Prison rape is so endemic- more than seventy thousand prisoners are raped each year. † That is routinely held out as a threat, part of punishment to be expected. † (Gopnik, 2012). The National inmate survey reported that â€Å"An estimated 4. 4% of prison inmates and 3. % of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of victimization by another inmate or facility staff since admission to the facility  (Beck Harrison, 2010). The total federal and state population in 2010 was 1,605,127, while the total jail population in 2009 was 767,620. This implies that there were over 94,000 victims subject to multiple violations (Beck Harrison, 2 010). No I don’t agree with the fact that offenders being incapacitated for longer periods of time don’t commit another crime. For people who want to do so, they will commit crimes anyway, and largely at that. Especially, the incentive behind good time credit is to have offenders behave in prison. If you lock them up in less than ideal conditions with no incentive to behave appropriately while incarcerated, they will be a population difficulty to control because they have nothing to lose. Earning good time credit gives them an insight to behave well inside. As for truth-in sentencing laws, I don’t know if I  would actually say it is a deterrent or at least how much of a deterrent it  is, but I think it is  important nonetheless. Prior to 2003, legislation allowed for automatic emission of every sentence imposed to be reduced by one third (Chong, 2008). If the offender was made eligible for parole, a portion of that sentence is served under supervision in the community to enable their reintegration  into the community when released (Chong, 2008). Legislation introduced in 2003 abolished the automatic remission provision, so the sentence  imposed would more truly reflect the time to be served. In its place, legislation required courts to adjust the sentence actually imposed by one third, to reflect the abolition of automatic remission (Chong, 2008). What the government has done is  replace  automatic remission with reduction of sentence (Chong, 2008). The more things change, the more they remain the same. Sentences are more or less duration  for the same type of offenses (Chong, 2008). Some say the money being used for these criminals sitting in  jail should be more valuable of utilizing for work  time credits and more programs  for educational, substance abuse, psychiatric help programs for these offenders before being released out into the world again. I think it will better prepare themselves rather than not knowing what to do and all they are use to is the  jail’s way of life in which they will end up back  in having that kind of mind set. References Beck, A. J. , Harrison, P. M. (2010, August). Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008-09. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Retrieved from http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/press/svpjri0809pr. cfm Chong, P. (2008, June 19). The Truth about ‘Truth in Sentencing’. WAtoday. Retrieved from http://blogs. watoday. com. u/theverdict/2008/06/the_truth_about. html Ditton, P. M. , Wilson, D. J. (1999, January). Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report,  (NCJ 170032). Retrieved  from  http://bjsdata. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/tssp. pdf Gopnik, A. (2012, January 30). The Caging of America. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/atlarge/2012/01/30/12030crat_ atlarge_gopnik Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 11th ed. Upper Saddle River: NJ. Shepherd, J. M. (2002, How to cite Truth in Sentencing, Essay examples

Wwii (1981 words) Essay Example For Students

Wwii (1981 words) Essay WwiiPursuant to the agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. Under the terms of this agreement, China has promised that under its one country, two systems formula its socialist economic system will not be practiced in Hong Kong, and that Hong Kong shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs. Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China The Hong Kong Region Lies on the Eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary, facing Macau across the river, bordering on the South China Sea and bounded by 3 Special Economic Zone on the north. Its railway distance is 140 Kilometers to the city center of Guangzhou in GuangDong Province. (Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Macau will ultimately form a very vital triangle in the Pearl River Delta making this region one of the strongest is the world economically.) The area of Hong Kong today consis ts of three parts:1) Hong Kong Island (79 square kilometers) which was ceded to Britain by the Nanjing Treaty as the result of the First Opium War in 1842. We will write a custom essay on Wwii (1981 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2)The Kowloon Peninsula (10 square kilometers) with its border on the north called The Boundary Street, which was ceded to Britain by the Convention of Beijing as the result of the Second Opium War in 1860. 3) The New Territory covers an area of nearly 1,000 square kilometers between the Boundary Street on the South the Shenzhen River to the North, making up about 91% of the total area of Hong Kong today. It was leased to Britain according to a. special treaty (The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong of 1898.) for 99 years so that this year 1997 is the end of the treaty. The following is the historic background of the event, which added more humiliation to the Chinese nation. Near the end of the 19th century, the western powers and Japan scrambled for their spheres of influence in China one after another. Russia leased the Port of Dalian in the Northeast, Germany leased Qingdao City and some other places in Shangdong Province, while France leased the then Guangzhou Wan (Now Zhenjiang City) in the west part of Guangdong Province. Under such circumstances, The British did not lag behind, so just two and a half years after Japan occupied Taiwan as the result of the defeat of Qing Em pire in the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. The British lost no time in seizing a large piece of land and a large number of islands around Hong Kong which made up what Hong Kong is today. At a discussion in the Parliament on whether to take this voracious imperialistic action or not, a minister warned, if we miss this chance to de so, it will be too late. Because China will become strong in half a century, what he predicted at the end of last century became true exactly half a century after that. In 1949, the Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.) was founded. The Geographical Situation of Hong Kong and Its Position as an International Financial and Trading Center TodayFacing the South China Sea and the vast Pacific Ocean areas, Hong Kong is at the mid-way between Beijing and Indonesia, also the midway point between Tokyo of Japan and the central part of India. It serves as the gateway to South China from Europe, Australia, America and Japan, having a very convenient connection with the hint erland of the Central, South and Southwest China through the City of Guangzhou. Functioning as a hub of communications in the Pacific-Asian areas, linking Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia, and also as a port of transshipments between America and South East Asia. Hong Kong is economically a bridge connecting a large part of inner China to the world. .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .postImageUrl , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:hover , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:visited , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:active { border:0!important; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:active , .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab578d7b06dd29f24e117d4bbe8aeeca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The American sheep EssayHong Kong also is at the center of the world time Zone, forming a 24-hour financial market together with New York to the east and London to the west. When Hong Kong sees the sunrise, its midnight in London so when the Hong Kong bankers get up in the morning they can see the closing quotation of stock exchange of London. When the Hong Kong financial organizations finish in the afternoon, the London market is going on powerfully. Hong Kong can adjust their counter measures according to the change of market quotations of London. When evening comes to Hong Kong the New York stock exchange reopens. Then Hong Kong influences the U.S. stock market. So, Hon g Kong links the three time zones of Europe, Asia, and America into a one. Hong Kong today is one of the three biggest financial centers in the world together with New York and Frankfurt. Its also one of the three gold trade centers besides London ; Zurich of Switzerland. The following facts and figures may help us understand further the position of Hong Kong in the world economic life today. ? Hong Kong is the biggest transit port in the world. Its container handling capacity was 13,300,000 in 1996, five years successively holding the world record. ? The turnover of Hong Kongs import expert trade in 1996 reached 2,933.6 billion H.K.D (about 380 billion USD), ranked 8th in the world. ? Hong Kong is second to the Chinese mainland in ready-made garments export volume. Its export of watches and toys is on top of the world. ? Hong Kongs handling capacity of airfreight transportation ranked second in the world in 1996. The daily handling capacity of its airport is 5,400 tons, not including that of a new airport, which will be put into operation within this year. The British and Hong Kong Since the early 19th century, Britain had become the number one Colonial Empire of the world, a number of important islands and peninsulas, such as Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea, Ceylon in the Indian Ocean, Malaya including Singapore in the. Pacific Ocean and Malvinas Isla nds (the Falkland Islands) and Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean have been under the British flag. In 1830, two British merchants also notorious opium smugglers, J.W. Matheson and W. Jardine urged the British government to occupy a certain island at the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong as an anchorage for the British merchant ships. Since 1820, the East Indies Company had actually taken the island of as an anchorage for their opium ships, making Hong Kong a base of their dirty trade. This was also described in the official documents of the Qing Empire. In March 1839, Lin Zhe Sui was sent by the Emperial Court as a commissioner to ban the opium trade in Guangdong. He ordered the opium traders to surrender more than 20 thousand cases of opium and had them all burned in Human Fortress. This led to the notorious Opium War. On June 25th 1841, the British navy officially landed on Hong Kong Island and hoisted the British flag there. This event happened one year and 7 months before the signing of the humiliating Nanjing Treaty, according to which, Hong Kong was ceded to Britain. The Nanjing Treaty was the first unfair treaty of national betrayal and humiliation in the modern history of China. Since then, China had been reduced to the status of a semi-colonial feudalistic country. The cession of Hong Kong was a sign of Qing Dynastys sinking into depravity until its doom. The Political Status of Hong Kong (Prior to July 1, 1997)Hong Kong, in a strict sense is not a British colony. It is a piece of foreign occupied land of Chinas territory. The Chinese governments standing towards the status of Hong Kong and Macau won wide support from the international society. In November 1972, at a voting of the Assembly of the United Nations, a solution was by overwhelming majority of 99 to 5 votes to cancel the names of Hong Kong and Macau from the list of existing colonies in the world. This solution told the world that Hong Kong must return to her motherland when the time came. On February 7, 1985, the House of Commons for the British Parliament passed an Act (1985 Hong Kong Art) proclaiming that from July 1997 the U. K. was to put an end to its domination. The same Act was passed aga in by the House of Nobles. The Act came into effects after the Queen signed her name on it on May 7th, the same year. The Different Stages of the Sino-BritishThe First Stage (Sept. 1982 to July 1984)This stage began with the official visit of the then Prime-minister Mrs. Thatcher to Beijing and ended with the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .postImageUrl , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:hover , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:visited , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:active { border:0!important; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:active , .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570 .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bb38e4efc9567162dc11839fe8fb570:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Pregnancy (900 words) EssayDuring this period of time, considering that 1997 was drawing near, in the British eyes the problem of Hong Kong should be settled for the best. interest of Britain. Coincidentally, the British had just won a war against Argentina over Malvinas Islands. . Mrs. Thatcher must have thought that being a victor in a newly won war would strengthen her position in the talks with China, but she found she had miscalculated. In face the British proposals- sovereignty for dominion, co-dominion, and extension of the lease of the New Territory for 50 more years from 1997 were all rejected by China one by one. Finally both sides came to a solution of one country two systems. A capitalist economic system remains unchanged after 1997 for at least 50 years. Hong Kong people will enjoy a very high autonomy, exercising their administrative power under the sovereignty of the P.R.C. (Peoples Republic of China). This solution will be satisfactory to China, Britain and Hong Kong people as well. As a result of this mutually beneficial solutions the Sino -British Joint Declaration was signed in Dec. 1984. The main contents of this historical document are as follows: Confirming China s restoration of sovereignty over Hong Kong area and the British handover of Hong Kong to China on the same date: July 1,1997. The fundamental policies of the Chinese government toward Hong Kong are to establishment a Special Administrative Region, which is under the jurisdiction of the Central Peoples Government of China. The Regional Government is composed of the native citizens. No change will be made to the existing social and economic system in Hong Kong, and no change of the living style there, either, while the existing laws will be sustained basically. The Special Region will maintain its status as a free port, with its Customs duty system unchanged; it also maintains its status as the center of international finance with its financial independence. The Special Region can also keep on independently its long-term relations with international organizations, develop its social and cultural relationship and make relevant agreements with The social security of the region will be protected by the police force there as before. Chinas Government assures that the above principles for Hong Kong will not be changed within 50 years. The Chinese the British Governments jointly guarantee their cooperation for the smooth transition of Hong Kong area in 1997. The Second Stage (1984-1989)During this period the relationship between China Britain as well as that between Guangdong developed very steadily and smoothly. In October 1986 Queen Elizabeth paid an unusual visit to China which highlighted the development of friendship between these two nations. The Third Stage (June 1989 to the Present)This stage began after the June 4th incident in 1989. However, it as only an overture to the sharp turning of the British policy toward China on the Hong Kong issues. The political background, which led to the British wrong steering, was much more complicated History Reports

philippines essays

philippines essays Per Capita Income: The per capita income of a certain country is the GDP of that country divided by the total population. In the Philippines the per capita income is approximately $700. When compared to the per capita income of the United States, which is about $22,000, it is easy to tell that the economy of the Philippines is very, very poor. % FROM AGRICULTURE: 17.1 (important because you would think that since they mainly produce agricultural products that its percentage would be the highest) % FROM SERVICES: 39.2 (also important because you wouldnt think that this one would be the highest) Exports: Traditionally, the Philippines have been primarily an exporter of raw materials and an importer of manufactured goods. This is the role that many third world countries play in the global economy. Electronic and automotive parts, along with garments are the leading merchandise exports of the country. However, the Philippines also rely heavily on import inputs. The country also exports bananas, coconuts, copper, gold, lumber, pineapples and sugar. Imports: The Philippines mostly imports manufactured goods. Certain items remain subject to import regulations such as narcotic drugs, firearms, ammunition, etc. Their chief imports include chemicals, machinery, and petroleum. Trading Partners: The Philippines, like any other country, cannot produce everything that it needs. Instead, it relies heavily on foreign trade. Specialization in production allows for each nation to produce what it produces best, and to trade for products, which it cannot produce as well. This means that if you are better at one thing and I am better at another, rather than each of us trying to do both, we would each do what we are best at. Then, we would exchange what we had produced and both ...

Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman

Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman Wer and Wyf, Man and Woman By Maeve Maddox In Old English, the word man had the meaning of â€Å"human being† or â€Å"person,† male or female. Note: Old English is the earliest form of English, brought to Great Britain in the fifth century by Germanic settlers. The first literary works in Old English date from the seventh century. In OE, the word man occurs in proverbs in the sense of â€Å"one,† â€Å"a person† or â€Å"people†: NÄ“ sceal man tÃ…  Ç £r forht nÄ“ tÃ…  Ç £r fà ¦gen: A person shouldn’t be too soon fearful nor too soon glad The usual OE word for â€Å"an adult male person† was wer. Man didn’t start being used in that sense until late in the OE period (c. 1000). Wer continued into Middle English, but by the late thirteenth century had been replaced by man. Wer survives into modern English as the combining form seen in the first syllable of werewolf: â€Å"a person who, according to medieval superstition, is transformed or is capable of transforming himself at times into a wolf.† The general meaning of man to mean human person of either gender survives in modern English in such words as manslaughter and mankind. The latter is being superseded by the word humankind in the belief that the man- of mankind excludes women. Its fixed legal use will probably prevent manslaughter from being replaced by humanslaughter. The Old English word for a female person, married or unmarried, was wyf. The meaning â€Å"female spouse† developed within the OE period, but the general sense of woman, married or unmarried, continued. In the 18th century, one definition of wife was â€Å"a woman of humble rank or of low employment,† a sense that remains in the words fishwife and alewife. Used figuratively, the term fishwife has acquired the negative connotation of â€Å"a scurrilously abusive woman.† The sense of â€Å"women in general† is at work in the expression â€Å"old wives’ tale†: â€Å"an unlikely story told and believed by women a widely held or traditional belief now thought to be incorrect or erroneous.† For example, a very common  old wives  tale  is the admonition to feed a  cold  and starve a  fever. Note: The tale, not the women, is â€Å"old.† Inherent in this expression is the notion that women are more gullible than men. Perhaps we could coin the expression â€Å"old husbands’ tale† for the stereotypical notions that men pass on about women. For example, â€Å"Women lack intellect,† â€Å"women are more emotional and jealous than men,† â€Å"women are not suited to serve in public office,† â€Å"women lack courage,† etc. Husband, like wife, has meanings apart from married status. Meanings of husband include â€Å"tiller of the soil, manager of a household,† and â€Å"steward.† It’s interesting that today’s general word for â€Å"adult female person,† woman, originated when wyf (â€Å"female person†) was joined to man (â€Å"human being†) to produce the combination wyfman (â€Å"female human being†). The modern form woman developed from a plural of wyfman that did not include the /f/ sound or spelling: wimman. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Yay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsWord Count and Book Length

The industry environment and the macro environment Assignment

The industry environment and the macro environment - Assignment Example There are cost differences between the firms of cartel. For example, the firm with lower cost will sell more output and earn more profit, but this is not possible in the cartel, as cartel firms are obliged to share the profit irrespective of their cost structure. The commission has adopted a dominant strategy by threatening price fixers with extremely large fines on one hand, and at the same time, promising the whistle-blower an escape from the huge fine of 331 million pounds. This strategy is dominant because it will provide optimal results to the commission. This is because no firm will collude again due to the fear of having to pay a big amount of fine. Moreover, the existence of whistle-blowers like Micron is another negative factor. The authority will try to allot a contract to the lower bidder, because in this case it will have to pay  £ 200000 only. Whilst, bidders will try to earn maximum profit by cutting down each other, so if the contract is split up into two companies, then the authority has to pay  £220,000 which is less than  £ 300000 and more than  £ 200000. However, if one company succeeds in obtaining the contract, then the authority will have to pay  £220,000 which is again lower than  £ 300000 but greater than  £ 200000. The result of the secret competitive tendering was observed by repeated games, because the bid involves two competitors with many bidding options. Both bidders will try to earn the maximum profit by cutting back the other. Both will be afraid of making high bids, because in that case, one of them will end up losing the contract. In short, a final decision can be reached after playing repeated strategies and assessing the moves of each other. The concept of beauty care industry is as old as mankind. A man is born with the wish to look beautiful and in order to satisfy his wish, he utilizes all his

Why and how according to the Buddha should unenlightened beings try to Essay

Why and how according to the Buddha should unenlightened beings try to combat greed, hatred and delusion - Essay Example The fourth noble truth is the result of learning and practicing, which is the stage in which one becomes enlightened. The greed, hatred and delusion fall under the second noble truth. They are aspects of the causation of suffering. This paper purposes to discuss how and why the unenlightened should strive to deal with these three poisons of humanity, as perceived in Buddhism. Greed, hatred and delusion in Buddhism have commonly been referred to as the three poisons or the three fires. Other scholars of Buddhism have referred to them as the three unwholesome roots. Webster (2005 p 98) likens the three of them with evil desire. The reason for their being referred to as such is because of their nature to cause human beings to have a desire to happiness through the wrong motive. A close look at these metaphorical references to these three aspects reveals that they can be very dangerous if not dealt with from a deterministic perspective. They can induce afflictive emotions and thoughts. Buddhism teaches that the three are a byproduct of ignorance. By referring to them as a byproduct of ignorance, the teachings of Buddha point to the fact that there is a means of combating them. This way will be by applying the teachings of Buddha and practicing them so that the person who harbored them can become intelligent, or realize the fourth noble truth. Going by the fa ct that these three aspects are a result of ignorance, it is reasonable that the person experiencing them follows the recommendations of Buddha’s teachings so that they can become knowledgeable. This is to mean that the essence of combating greed, hatred and delusion is to become intelligent. This will be advantageous to the persuerer because they will become intelligent, and will have cured the disease of suffering. The Buddhist hypothesis behind greed, hatred and

Principles of Effective Offender Intervention

Principles of Effective Offender Intervention Introduction From way back in history, the process of correcting those who were believed to be wrong in a way or another was practiced. Communities are guided by certain morals, and whenever one goes against the morals, it is believed that the person might have a problem and it is only good to deal with the problem before it escalates. People are different; whereas there are people who can change by just being advised to do so, there are some who need intense programs to change. Correcting young ones so that they can be part and parcel of the bigger community is a process that must be guided by principles. The four principles are meant to intervene and help the targeted persons to be better people in the society. The four principles of intervention There are four different principles of intervention that are used in making sure that some of the young law offenders are helped to become better people in the society (Guevara, 2009). The four principles are more in a sequence because one must follow the other if good results are to be achieved. Effecting one principle in the absence of the previous might produce different results which might be opposite of the expectations of the community or the program. For a lot of years, the four principles have been used in many correction facilities, and they have produced tremendous results. Risk principle Offenders are divided into different groups as far as risk is concerned; low-risk and high-risk offenders. Low-risk offenders are offenders who do not pose a great threat to the community as well as to themselves. When it comes to such offenders, all that is needed is minimal coaching or minimal intervention for them to fit back into the community. For example, an offender who has been involved in a quarreling that resulted in violence is not a high-risk offender. The reason for stating so is because the offender might have acted out of frustration but not under motivation or passion. Therefore, the attention and resources needed to bring back such a person on the track are minimal. At the same time, the person is not a threat to him or her life. The second group consists of high-risk offenders. These types of offenders are not only a risk to the community but themselves. When it comes to attending to them, a lot of resources are required. The interventions used must also be in line with their needs. Risk principle calls for prioritization of resources in line with the risk of the offender. For example, a person who possesses a risk to a larger community cannot be treated like a person who possesses lesser risk. The methods of intervention used on a riskier person also differ in some ways (TJRC, 2016). The principle helps in addressing cases with all the seriousness they deserve. The principle is effective and reasonable. For example, a person who is used to involving him or herself in criminal activities needs a more effective intervention method. The reason for doing so is because a lesser effective method cannot help him or her. The intervention methods are not meant to punish but to change. Allowing continuous offenders back to the community with the expectations that he or she will change is not helping him or her in any way. Since he or she has proven to be risky, it is only good to make sure that more resources are used so as to make the intervention effective. Need principle Need principle states that the needs of the offenders should be considered in any given intervention process. The need might be direct or indirect. Some people are forced by circumstances to engage in criminal activities. In most cases, they lack a thing or two, and that is why they end up doing what they do. What they lack is what is referred to as a need. The principle states that for a person not to go back to his or her old ways, the need must be satisfied. A person might end up being a criminal for lack of education and knowledge on certain issues. Taking that person through a correctional facility and bringing him or her back to the society only solves part of the problem. Therefore, it is important to enlighten that person on the issues that he or she might not be familiar with so that he or she cannot go back to his or her old ways. The environment, on the other hand, can influence one towards committing a crime. When the environment of the offender is not looked into, the offender is taken back to the same risks after corrections, and that might not bear the expected results. For example, if a person lives in an environment where people live by the gun and earn from illegal activities, taking him or her back to such an environment is exposing him or her to risks (Edward Jennifer, 2004). The principle is effective because it tries to look for a lasting solution in the process of making sure that an offender gains from an intervention program. Helping people and not looking at what they lacked for them to commit a crime is dealing with the problem partially. The best way to make sure that criminals do not get back to their old ways is dealing with the causes, and that means looking at the needs and satisfying them. Treatment principle The treatment principle emphasizes the need to look for the most effective treatment strategy. The principle concentrates much on the high-risk offenders. An offender must go through some effective treatments for him or her to be accepted back in the community. Factors to consider when it comes to treatment are the type of treatment, the interval of treatment, and the length of the treatment. A person who is of great danger to the community must be treated in a different way. Though the main reason why the offender is taken in a correctional facility is not to be punished, a high-risk offender must be treated in a way that he or she will never admire hurting himself or others. The treatment must be intense and if the need calls it must take a longer period so that he or she can be ready to fit in the community after the treatment. There are different offenders, and they are motivated to engaging in criminal activities by different reasons. Some are criminals because they are failed by their brain. In such cases, the treatment must be special and different from others. Regardless of him being a high-risk offender, the person also has a mental health condition. In such a case, double care is required (Guevara, 2009). The facility or the parties involved might choose to provide both psychiatric help and at the same time correctional help. By so doing, the offender gets his or her sanity back and is helped to avoid getting into trouble shortly. The principle is effective because it considers the nature of the offender. By considering the nature of the offender, it becomes easy to help a person with a series of problems by knowing the best way to treat him or her. Fidelity principle Fidelity principle states that the program must be run by people who follow the rule of law and whose integrity cannot be compromised (Edward Jennifer, 2004). It is important to know that the offenders need help and there is no way of doing it better than taking them through a program. The person running the program should leave the responsibility of correcting to the service providers, and he or she should not be bribed to grant favors to some of the law offenders. The principle is effective because it makes sure that any offender goes through the program and benefits from it without any shortcut. Conclusion The four principles guide offenders towards using the most effective ways in gaining help. At the same time, they guide the service providers towards being effective and taking care of the offenders on humane ways of doing things. Though the four principles have dwelt so much on programs and services, their main aim is to help the law offenders so that they can be people who can be accepted back into the community. They are in place to make sure that most humane means are used to correct the offenders. At the same time, they make sure that each offender is provided with help that is suitable to his or her behaviors. References Edward, J. Jennifer, A. (2004). Applying the principles of effective intervention to juvenilecorrectional programs. Retrieved from http://cjonline.uc.edu/resources/criminal-justice Research/applying-the-principles-of-effective-intervention-to-juvenile-correctional programs/ Guevara, M. (2009). Implementing Evidence-Based Policy and Practice in Community Corrections, 2 Nd Edition. Retrieved from http://b.3cdn.net/crjustice/92d6c98633d1448ff0_cfm6iiq27.pdf The Justice Research Center. (2016). What Works Principles. Retrieved fromhttp://thejrc.com/wwi-principles.asp

Over the years there have been many theories of why rape occurs

Over the years there have been many theories of why rape occurs. Although rape can happen to a woman or a man statistics show that rape of a woman by a man is the most common form and this essay will focus on female rape. Rape is a brutal and ugly expression of male violence it is usually directed at women. Although rape is sometimes directed against children and men, this essay will focus on the rape of women by men. The following paragraphs will critically consider the contributions different theorists have made on the subject of Rape. Firstly it will look at how violence is defined and how rape is defined. Sociologists, criminologists and psychologists have different opinions as to why violent crimes such as rape occur. This essay will consider social learning theory explanations, radical feminist explanations, psychological explanations and biological explanations of why some men rape women. Matza, Left Realism, James Short and Taylor, Walton and Young will be some of the theorists used. Firstly rape is defined as having sexual intercourse with a person without their consent. Sex without consent could be because the individual is incapable of consenting due to the fact that they are mentally incapable, are incapable of consenting due to drink or drugs or that they have been forced or coerced into sex because of violence or the threat of violence. Violence does not have to be a physical act or result in physical violence; it can be words, mannerisms and attitudes or even a display of aggression, which leads an individual feeling, threatened and vulnerable. Radical feminist theories would even define coerced sex as rape, this is were they argue that women agree to sex because they feel that there will be negative responses from the other individual if they refuse. Explanations of rape are mainly sociocultural and social interactionist, arguing that ‘Rape reflects more general attitudes by men towards women in any particular society and that a substantial proportion of rape arises from misinterpreted ( to male advantage unless convicted) and unreciprocated seductions' (Sanday, 1981; Sorenson and White, 1992; Scully 1990, cited in Maguire et al Levi M ch24 1997: 866). White and Sorensen 1992 and Felson 1993 point out that whilst the majority of rapists prefer ‘non-coercive strategies to obtain sex, ‘subjectively defined sexual deprivation is their primary motivation' (Cited in Maguire et al 1997 levi m ch 24:866). They further point out that the majority of men who rape women have very full sex lives, and they regard other individuals as merely being there for their sexual gratification. These explanations are social psychological explanations. However individual psychopathology is important in rape cases were the victim and the rapist has had no previous interaction with each other before the rape, (West 1987, cited in macguire et al jefferson ch16;548). In some cultures and societies a women is raped because she displays too much independence (Sanday, 1981) this would back up the functionalist explanation that rape is a way of keeping women subjugated. (See Brownmiller 1975). Bandura (1973, 1978) is credited with developing social learni.ng theory Social learning theory believes predominantly that aggressive behaviour of towards women is a learned response. They further point out that if an individual is exposed repeatedly to any stimulus they will begin to see this behaviour as positive and the norm. It points out that if an individual has been subjected to seeing sex and violence together that this is the stimulus that makes then associate violence and sex together as normal. This stimulus can be given through incidents that have occurred in their own personal lives or via the media. Further more the opinions of the social learning theorist are that men absorb the myths that surround rape thus justifying their actions to themselves. Myths such as * Rape is about sex. * Only certain types of women can get raped. * A Woman who is healthy could defend herself from the rapist, if she really wanted to. * The majority of women who are raped ask for it, they are promiscuous and have bad reputations. * Many women cry rape just to get back at the man they are accusing. Other aspects of social learning theory and their explanations of why men rape women is that men get desensitised to pain and humiliation by looking at pornographic material, such as magazines and videos. Social learning theory believes that rape is strongly linked to cultural traditions. Rape is seen by the social learning theorist as being the extreme end of a culture and tradition were the man is seen as being aggressive and the woman as seen as being passive. Further more that the man is seemed to take the sexual initiative whilst the woman sets the limit. The radical feminist would disagree with the social learning theories opinion that rape was partly motivated by sexual desire, pointing out that rape was all about violence and control. However it could be said that a certain amount of desire on the rapists part is needed to achieve the rape. Also that defining it only as an act of violence and control confused the motivation (the sex) and the tactics (the violent coercion). The explanations of the social learning theorist could also be criticised by pointing out that rape is not about sex as sex is supposed to involve tenderness. However prostitution is about sex and that does not involve tenderness. Social learning theorists could be criticised in their opinion that rape is partly about sex, by pointing out that the majority of rapists are in stable sexual relationships. However it does not mean that their partner is fulfilling their sexual desire. Finally it could be said that the physical harm incurred by victims of rape shows that it is purely a violent act and no one of sexual desire. However statistics show that in 80% of rapes, only the rapist uses the minimum force necessary. However just because the woman is not physically hurt does not make this a non-violent act. Further more rapes of women who are leaving a relationship tend to be particularly violent. Surely this shows that rape is about power. Although there is a slight overlap of similar thinking between the social learning theorist and the radical feminist theorist, in their believe that rape is a learned behaviour this is about as much as they agree on. Early feminist theories of sexual violence concentrated on the ‘definition, nature, causes, functions and the consequences of rape' (Ward C.A, 1995: 22). Theoretical perspectives of rape however came from a broader feminist theory which pointed to the gender differences in power between men and women as a direct cause of sexual violence. As a result of this feminists have always maintained that violence against women (including sexual violence) plays a major part in patriarchal society. Further more that rape is ‘ social tradition of male domination and female exploitation' (Brownmiller S, 1975:267). Feminist theories are in line with sociological theories of conflict. It is argued that rape is caused because women are socially, politically and economically powerless compared to men. They further argue that not only does the differences in power between men and women cause rape but that sexual violence and rape serves to maintain the status quo. Thus keeping women subordinate and in there place. ‘Feminist theories of rape have incorporated theories of psychology as well as politics, sociology and some social learning theory into their explanations of rape. However they have always emphasised their believe that patriarchy, male power over women is the major factor in rape and that rape is a crime of violence power and hostility not sex. Rose 1977, Russell 1975 point out that rape is a result of ‘social stratification and differential gender roles and socialisation' (cited in Ward C.A 1995:23). Millet 1969 pointed out that women are seen as the property of men and those men should be able to use women to seek sexual gratification when they feel the need. This is particularly true in marriage as in Britain until October 1991 there was no law on rape within marriage, except to say it was not possible. This can be traced back to Mathew Hale who was the Chief Justice in England in the 18th century. In 1736 his statemen t was published in History of the pleas of the crown, it read ‘That a husband cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto the husband which she cannot retract' (Toner B 1977: 85) Radical feminists believe that even consenting sex under patriarchy can be defined as a form of rape. Dworkin points out that women are defined by their sexuality a definition which is ‘socially real. Socially absolute and intrinsically coercive' Cowling M 2002: 4). Mackinnon 1988 pointed out that women have grave problems in proving rape in court because many women are often coerced into sex if not forced. (Cited in Kelly & Radford date: 20). This is particularly true in cases of date rape and marital rape. Thus radical feminists believe that rape is a major part of patriarchy. Research undertaken in the past couple of decades has shown that sexual violence plays a major part in male power and male control of women. The radical feminist theories argue that rape is about male dominance over women ‘patriarchy pointing out that the'. ‘Centrality of rape and fear/threat of rape to the social control of women; sexual violence is theorised as the violence underpinning and maintaining male dominance and female subordination, the gender power relations of patriarchy' (Radford J 2002, cited in Women crime and law 2002) Possibly intranet notes Check this quote and re- reference. Brown miller 1976 Cited in Macguire et al : 541 jefferson ch 16 point out that ‘rape was actually the foundation of patriarchy, she further added that rape was a consciuos procces by which all men keep all women in a state of fear' (cited in Mcguire et al 1997 jefferson ch 16; 541). Although as previously mentioned feminist theories of patriarchy overlaps with social learning theory in the believe that rape is an aggressive act the radical feminist sees this aggression as more about power than sex. They further argue that patriarchy plays a major part in sexual violence. Pointing out that rape is much higher in countries was patriarchy is more prevalent. Countries such as Alfghanistan may not appear to have a high rate of female rape cases. However this could be because some societies such as alfghanistan embrace a configuration that includes interpersonal violence. Domination by males and seperation of the sexes. In countries such as Alfganistan a women is classed as second class citizens the property me. For instance once married a woman may not define her experience as rape feeling that she must obey her husband when he wishes to have sex. The term sexual violence recognises that ‘Violence is a gendered phenomenon within the context of patriarchal relations (Hester, Radford & Kelly 2002, cited in Cowling M 2002, rape and sexual assault notes, theories of rape; 4) Check this. Dworkin (1974) argued that ‘Looking for a man not caught up in male power was like looking for a needle in a haystack (Cowling M: 5, rape and d sexual assault notes). Criticisms of feminist theories are that they ignore the fact that most women are heterosexual and enjoy consenting heterosexual sex. The theories of the radical feminist make out as though the majority of sex between a man and a woman is coercive and therefore should be defined as rape. Biological theories of rape are split into two parts socio-biological and hormonal. The basics of the socio-biological explanation of why men rape women is evolutionary, the males need to procriate. However some rapists use condoms whilst raping the woman so as there is no evidence so this is not about procriation. The Hormonal explanation is based on men's testosterone levels pointing out that males are naturally more aggressive than females. However if this is the case then why do they take their aggression out on women in the form of rape and not other males Further more why don't all men rape? Box (1983) points out that a man will use different resources to gain his masculinity depending on his position within ‘class, race and gender relations' (Box S 1983: 152). He further points out that were the individual feels their position is will determine the salience of the crime committed. The crime committed will be used as a way to accomplish more masculinity. The further down the racial and class hierarchy you are the more salient the crime will be. Brown miller (1975) although a feminist argues that rape is about ‘biological drive' as opposed to learned masculinity. Another psychological theory of rape is the disease model the believe that men who rape are suffering from an identifiable mental illness which makes them impulsive they argue that this means they should not be held responsible for their crime. Another suggestion is that men who rape suffer with an uncontrollable sexual urge. It is further pointed out by that See Jefferson and Gresswell and Hollin (1994) for psychological stuff. Rape in Britain has been illegal since 1275 Check this, Rape within marriage has only been illegal since 1991. Whilst the legal definition of rape might appear to be quite clear cut it is fraught with difficulties of interpretation. For instance if the victim and the offender know each other for instance are aquantances, are dating or are married there is difficulties around the issue of consent. What constitutes consent? Even stranger is difficult as we have a society and a legal system that often holds the perpetraitor and the victim equally responsible. The myths that surround rape such as * All women want to be raped * No woman can be raped against her will * She was asking for it * If you are going to be raped you might as well enjoy it, distort and govern female sexuality (Brownmiller S, 1975: 246). Further more these myths ‘disadvantage and oppress women, but they also subtly encourage sexual violence without awareness of moral wrongdoing' ( Brown miller S 1975: 247). Finally we mostly here about via the media who portray rapists as sex crazed monsters who attack women because they are psychologically disturbed however this is a myth and there are many others Myth Fact Rapists are mentally disturbed ——— Most rapists show no signs of Psychological problems Rape is committed by strangers ———Most rapes occur indoors & most victims know their rapists Rape is the result of a sudden ——— Most rapes are planned and have sexual urge have nothing to do with uncontrollable libido Some women ask for it for ———- Rape can happen to any woman Instance, the clothes they wear/ in any situation being to provocative. The above myths all contribute to the continuation of men thinking that women are their for their sexual gratification. These myths that exist within society not only give men the right to think that rape is not a crime or that at the very lest it is not a serious crime can effect a woman's ability to define her experience as rape. Did she encourage him? Did she not put up enough of a fight? Women in Britain have fought for many years to gain equality in a man's world and in some aspects women have achieved this until it seems it comes to sex. It appears that men have maintained there right to own women and use them to have sex with when they want in order to keep them in their place. Rape exists within society because society allows it to.